Then (1987), Storming Heaven
Leary vs. Osmond: The Two Psychedelic Models
Stevens documented the fatal split between the Osmond-Huxley model (careful clinical use, proper setting, preparation, integration) and the Leary-Kesey model (mass advocacy, countercultural provocation). The latter destroyed the conditions for the former.
contested
The same split has recurred in the current psychedelic renaissance. Researchers at Johns Hopkins and NYU publish carefully controlled trials; 'psychedelic facilitators' operate in gray markets; ketamine clinics have proliferated without adequate oversight; wellness retreats offer ayahuasca with minimal preparation or integration. The field is explicitly trying to avoid repeating the 1960s collapse. MAPS and the Society for Psychedelic Outreach, Reform, and Education (SPORE) are organizations explicitly created to manage the Apollonian/Dionysian tension Stevens identified.
Sources
- Stevens, Storming Heaven (1987)
- Johnson et al., J Psychopharmacol (2008), safety guidelines
- SPORE, Psychedelic Industry Standards (2023)