Then (1979), LSD: My Problem Child
MDMA and LSD: Hofmann's Two 'Problem Children'
Hofmann coined the phrase 'problem children' for LSD specifically, but he also synthesized and personally tested MDMA in the late 1970s (it was first synthesized by a German drug company in 1912 and re-synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1976; Hofmann verified Shulgin's characterization). He described MDMA as having unique empathogenic properties distinct from classic psychedelics and advocated for its careful study. He regarded both compounds as sacred drugs requiring respect.
contested
Both of Hofmann's compounds are simultaneously at the frontier of psychedelic medicine in 2026, both facing regulatory challenges. LSD: Phase 2 data promising (Holze et al., Biological Psychiatry, 2023), no Phase 3 sponsor, Schedule I globally. MDMA: Phase 3 complete for PTSD (dramatic efficacy results, 67-71% response versus 32% placebo), FDA rejected the MDMA application in August 2024 citing methodological concerns, additional trial required. Psilocybin, not a Hofmann compound, is further along the regulatory path than either. The two compounds Hofmann most championed are both one step from major therapeutic approval and both blocked by regulatory challenges that their 102-year-old champion did not live to see resolved.
Sources
- Holze et al., Biological Psychiatry (2023)
- FDA complete response letter on the MDMA-assisted therapy application (August 2024)
- Mitchell et al., Nature Medicine (2021), MDMA Phase 3